
The Heart Rate Oxygen Pulse Sensor – MAX30100/30102 is a compact optical biosensor module designed for measuring heart rate (pulse rate) and estimating blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) in wearable, fitness, educational, and experimental monitoring projects. Depending on the supplied module variant, it is based on either the MAX30100 or MAX30102 integrated pulse oximetry and heart-rate sensor IC.
The sensor uses red and infrared LEDs, a sensitive photodetector, optical elements, and low-noise signal-processing circuitry. Light emitted into the fingertip or other suitable tissue is reflected back toward the photodetector. Changes in the reflected optical signal caused by pulsating blood flow are processed using photoplethysmography (PPG) techniques to calculate heart rate and estimate oxygen saturation.
The module communicates with a microcontroller through the I2C digital interface, requiring only SDA and SCL communication lines. The MAX30100 and MAX30102 both integrate optical components and low-noise electronics, while the newer MAX30102 provides features such as a high-resolution ADC, programmable sampling rates, improved signal performance, and a deeper FIFO architecture.
The module is commonly used with Arduino, ESP32, STM32, Raspberry Pi, RP2040, and other I2C-enabled development platforms. It is suitable for wearable prototypes, fitness monitoring devices, pulse-rate displays, sleep-monitoring experiments, IoT projects, and educational biomedical electronics applications.
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